{"id":2240,"date":"2024-06-11T11:34:19","date_gmt":"2024-06-11T08:04:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parsdev.com\/wpblog\/linux-commands-in-devops\/"},"modified":"2025-07-28T08:53:06","modified_gmt":"2025-07-28T05:23:06","slug":"linux-commands-in-devops","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/linux-commands-in-devops\/","title":{"rendered":"\u06f3\u06f0 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc DevOps"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 DevOps \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 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class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646&zwnj;\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u067e\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 x86\u060c ARM \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u062e\u062a&zwnj;\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0646&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 &nbsp;\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f &nbsp;\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%da%86%d8%b1%d8%a7_%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3_%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%a8%d9%88%d8%a8_%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f\"><\/span>\u0686\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u061f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u06cc\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646 &ndash; \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u062c \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u062a\u0646&zwnj;\u0628\u0627\u0632 &ndash; \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646&zwnj;\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06a9\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 &ndash; \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a! \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646&zwnj;\u062a\u0631 \u0648 \u0642\u0648\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f &ndash; \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062f\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0632 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa_%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86%d9%88%da%a9%d8%b3_%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%db%8c_devops\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc DevOps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0634\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc DevOps\u060c \u0646\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_ls\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ls<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ ls <\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_sudo\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sudo<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a root\/superuser \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ sudo<br \/>\n<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_cat\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 Cat<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ cat  {filename}<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_grep\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 grep<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647\/\u06a9\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0634\u0628\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 Ctrl+F \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u06cc\u06a9 CLI \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ grep  {filename}<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_sort\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sort<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u06cc\u062c \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ sort  {filename}<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_tail\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tail<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0645\u06a9\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 head \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tail \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 N \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06f1\u06f0 \u062e\u0637 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">tail [OPTION]... [FILE]...<\/code><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">tail -n 3 state.txt or tail -3 state.txt =&gt; -n for no. of lines<br \/>\ntail +25 state.txt<\/code><\/p>\n<p>c num- : \u0622\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a num \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_chown\"><\/span>\n\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f user ID \u0648 home directory. \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646&zwnj;\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Read: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>Write: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 (\u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646) \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>Execute: \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 sh \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>User: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>Group: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>&nbsp;Other: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u062b\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ls -l<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chown \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">chown [OPTION]&hellip; [OWNER][:[GROUP]] FILE&hellip;<br \/>\nchown [OPTION]&hellip; &ndash;reference=RFILE FILE&hellip;<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">chown owner_name file_name<br \/>\nchown master file1.txt<\/code><\/p>\n<p>Master \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 user1 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 root \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f (\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 user1 \u0627\u0633\u062a). \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0632 sudo \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">sudo chown root file1.txt<\/code><\/p>\n<div class=\"card  m-2 mx-auto\">\n<div class=\"card-body\">\n<div class=\"col-12\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/parsdev.com\/vps\" target=\"_blank\">\u0648\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0633<\/a> <\/strong> \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u06cc\u062f.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/parsdev.com\/vps\">\u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648\u06cc \u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0633<\/a> \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0644\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0622\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0622\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_chmod\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 chmod<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">chmod  {filename}<\/code><\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\u06f4 &ndash; read permission<br \/>\n2 &ndash; write permission<br \/>\n1 &ndash; execute permission<br \/>\n0 &ndash; no permission<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_lsof\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 lsof<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 lsof \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 List Of Open File \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0647\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$lsof [option][user name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<br \/>\nList all open files: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">~$ lsof<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. ProcessId\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c FD (file descriptor)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FD \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u06cc\u0641\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>cwd: \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>txt: \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>mem: \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647<\/li>\n<li>mmap: \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0634\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631: \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">lsof -u username<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>DIR: \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>REG: \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>CHR: \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_ifconfig\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ifconfig<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ifconfig \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 kernel-resident \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 IP \u0648 netmask \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06cc\u0627 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ifconfig [...OPTIONS] [INTERFACE]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>options:<\/p>\n<p>-a : \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0634 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ifconfig -a<\/code><\/p>\n<p>-s : \u06cc\u06a9 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ifconfig -s<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_id\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 id<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 id \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0648 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc (UID \u06cc\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647) \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc<\/li>\n<li>UID \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>UID \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">id [OPTION]&hellip; [USER]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>options:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>g- : \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<li>G- : \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<li>n- : \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n<li>r- : \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n<li>u- : \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n<li>help&#8211; : \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c<\/li>\n<li>version&#8211; : \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647: \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u060c \u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u062f\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627:<br \/>\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">id<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 UID \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0648 GID \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\n\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 master \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 UID \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">id -u master<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u06cc\u06a9 GID \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f: \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 GID \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">id -g master<\/code><\/p>\n<p>UID \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f: \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 Master \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 UID \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">id master<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f: \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 UID \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 &quot;master&quot; \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">id -G master<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cut<br \/>\n\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 Cut \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0628\u062e\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645 -c \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 cut \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0648 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 demo1.txt \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">cut -c1-2 demo1.txt<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_sed\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Sed \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sed \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. Sed \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0645\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 sed \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f. \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u06cc\u062d \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 sed \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 s \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06af\u0648\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f mikesh \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 test.txt \u0628\u0627 Mukesh \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">sed &#039;s\/mikesh\/mukesh\/&#039; test.txt<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_diff\"><\/span>\n\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 diff<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 diff \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u063a\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 test \u0648 test1 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">&nbsp; diff test.txt test1.txt<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_history\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 history<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 history \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 Bourne \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0648\u062f. Bash \u0648 Korn \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 Bash shell history \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ history<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ history 10<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_dd\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 DD<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>dd \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0648 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a&zwnj;\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0633\u062e\u062a) \u0648 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0635 (\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \/dev\/zero \u0648 \/dev\/random) \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>dd \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632\/\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648\/\u06cc\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647\u060c dd \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 dd \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u062f\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0646\u06cc ASCII \u0648 EBCDIC \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647: \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 dd \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 syntax option=value \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc -option value \u06cc\u0627 &ndash;option=value \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u060c dd \u0627\u0632 stdin \u0645\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 stdout \u0645\u06cc \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc if (\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc) \u0648 of (\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc) \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0686\u0646\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dd:<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dd \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 dd\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \/dev\/hda \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0647\u062f\u0641 \/dev\/hdb \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\"># dd if = \/dev\/sda of = \/dev\/sdb<\/code><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>if \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u06af\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0648 &quot;of&quot; \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \/dev\/sda \u062f\u0631 \/dev\/sdb \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631 &quot;conv=noerror&quot; \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u062a \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0630\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u06a9\u0633\u060c \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_find\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 find<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 find \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 &quot;-exec&quot; \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 :<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ find [where to start searching from]\n[expression determines what to find] [-options] [what to find]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>options :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>exec CMD- : \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0645\u06cc\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u06f0 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>ok CMD- : \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f -exec \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>inum N- : \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 inode &#039;N&#039; \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>links N- : \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f &laquo;N&raquo; \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_free\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u06cc\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$free [OPTION]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>OPTION: \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 free \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0631\u06af\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$free<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>total \u06a9\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f (MemTotal \u0648 SwapTotal e \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \/proc\/meminfo).<\/li>\n<li>used \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>free \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 tmpfs \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f (Shmen \u062f\u0631 \/proc\/meminfo \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f).<\/li>\n<li>buffers \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>cache \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u0634 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0647 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f (Cached \u0648 Slab \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \/proc\/meminfo).<\/li>\n<li>buffers\/cache \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 free<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>b\u060c &#8211; -bytes- : \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>k\u060c &ndash; -kilo- : \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u06a9\u06cc\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f (\u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636).<\/li>\n<li>m, &ndash; -mega- : \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u06af\u0627\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>g, &ndash; -giga- : \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u06af\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_ssh-keygen\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ssh-keygen<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ssh-keygen \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\/\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u062c\u0641\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647&zwnj;\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0637 root \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f RSA \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ssh-keygen -t rsa<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0632 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 &ndash;t \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 &quot;rsa1&quot; \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06f1 \u0648 &quot;dsa&quot;\u060c &quot;ecdsa&quot; \u06cc\u0627 &quot;rsa&quot; \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u06f2 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_ip\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ip<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ip \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u062f\u0631 net-tools \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06cc\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u067e\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0634&zwnj;\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u06cc IP\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc IP \u0648 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0635\u06cc\u0635\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc IP \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<p>address- : \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u0627\u06cc IP \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ip address<\/code><\/p>\n<p>link- : \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0634\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">ip link<\/code><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_nslookup\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 nslookup<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Nslookup (\u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 &quot;Name Server Lookup&quot;) \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 DNS \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 (DNS) \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0634\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 IP \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f DNS \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u06cc\u0628 \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 DNS \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">nslookup [option]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 nslookup:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">nslookup google.com:<\/code><\/p>\n<p>nslookup \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 &quot;\u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f&quot; (\u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 IP) \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0633 \u0648 \u062c\u0648 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_curl\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 curl<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>curl \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u062a\u06a9\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 (HTTP\u060c FTP\u060c IMAP\u060c POP3\u060c SCP\u060c SFTP\u060c SMTP\u060c TFTP\u060c TELNET\u060c LDAP \u06cc\u0627 FILE) \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 Libcurl \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">curl [options] [URL...]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 curl \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 URL \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">curl https:\/\/www.python.org<\/code><\/p>\n<p>-o : \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">curl -o [file_name] [URL...]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">curl -o hello.zip ftp:\/\/speedtest.tele2.net\/1MB.zip<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_tr\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tr<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 tr \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u06cc\u0641 \u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. tr \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ tr [flag] SET1 [SET2]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&nbsp;c- : \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>d- : \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>s- : \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 set1 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u062e\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n<li>t- : \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u06f1 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af<br \/>\n\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 tr \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_iptables\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 iptables<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>iptables \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 Netfilter \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc IPv4\u060c \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tables \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 chain \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>chain \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 rules \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>rule \u0634\u0631\u0637\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>Target\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 Rule \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f. \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06af\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632 ACCEPT\u060c DROP\u060c QUEUE.<\/li>\n<li>Policy \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0636\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627 chain&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f ACCEPT \u06cc\u0627 DROP \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">iptables --table TABLE -A\/-C\/-D... CHAIN rule --jump Target<\/code><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_apt-get\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 apt-get<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>apt-get \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0648\u0638\u06cc\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a. APT \u0645\u062e\u0641\u0641 Advanced Packaging Tool \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">apt-get [options] command<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc: \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06af\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">apt-get update<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_df_%d9%88_du\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df \u0648 du<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 df (disk free) \u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 du (disk usage) \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0627\u06af\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<br \/>\n\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0637\u0645\u0626\u0646 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06f8\u06f0 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0641\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0634\u0641\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0631\u0641\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062e \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ sudo df -h<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u0633\u06a9 \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ sudo du -h -d 1 \/var\/<\/code><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_htop\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 htop<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 htop \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06cc\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 top \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u067e\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u062f\u0631 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0636 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. htop \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0641\u0642\u06cc \u062d\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">htop <\/code><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>d &ndash;delay- : \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647&zwnj;\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>C &ndash;no-color &ndash;no-colour- : htop \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u06a9 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>h &ndash;help- : \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>u &ndash;user=USERNAME- : \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_ps\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ sudo ps aux<\/code><\/p>\n<p>a = \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646<br \/>\nu = \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u06cc\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f<br \/>\nx = \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1_kill\"><\/span>\n\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 (\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062f\u0631 bin\/kill\/)\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0646\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 TERM \u067e\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>kill -l: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$kill -l<\/code><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 PID \u0645\u0646\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u0646 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/li>\n<li>\u06cc\u06a9 PID \u0627\u0632 \u06f1- \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 kill \u0648 init \u06a9\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0644\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 ps \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 PID \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0647 \u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u06cc\u06af\u0646\u0627\u0644 kill \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f PID \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$ps<\/code><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;kill pid: \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 PID \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 kill.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">$kill pid<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 telnet<\/p>\n<p>Telnet \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0633\u06cc\u0646\u062a\u06a9\u0633<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">&nbsp;telnet hostname<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">telnet localhost<\/code><br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%b4%d9%84_%d8%a7%d8%b3%da%a9%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%be%d8%aa\"><\/span>\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0634\u0644 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<br \/>\n\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 kernel \u0648 shell \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u06a9\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f. \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0644 (shell) \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0650\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0632\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u0622\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0644 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c Shell \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627 $) \u0631\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0632\u062f\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u062f Enter \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0634\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0641 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u06cc\u0628&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0622\u0646 \u0634\u0644 (shell) \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0648 shell \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>shell Bourne: \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0645\u067e \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0644 $ \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"margin-right: 40px\">\n<li>shell POSIX \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 sh<\/li>\n<li>Korn shell \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 sh<\/li>\n<li>Bourne Again SHell \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 bash (\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628&zwnj;\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646) \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>C shell: \u067e\u0631\u0627\u0645\u067e \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0644 % \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"margin-right: 40px\">\n<li>C shell \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 csh \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>Tops C shell \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0645 tcsh \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"shell_scripting_%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f\"><\/span>\nShell Scripting \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc shell \u0646\u0648\u0634\u062a\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u06a9\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u06cc \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 Shell Script \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f vi \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0631 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f .sh<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 !# \/bin\/sh &nbsp;\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u06a9\u062f\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 filename.sh \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<li>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a bash filename.sh \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u06cc\u067e \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n!# \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 shebang \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 !# \/bin\/sh \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0628\u0647 bourne-shell \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f vi \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645 \u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u067e\u0633\u0648\u0646\u062f sh. \u0630\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0645. \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0648 \u0686\u0627\u067e \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f. \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 bash filename.sh \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">#!\/bin\/sh<br \/>\necho &quot;Enter a number&quot;<br \/>\nread Num<br \/>\ng=$Num<br \/>\n# store the sum of<br \/>\n# digits<br \/>\ns=0<br \/>\n# use while loop to<br \/>\n# caclulate the sum<br \/>\n# of all digits<br \/>\nwhile [ $Num -gt 0 ]\ndo<br \/>\n# get Remainder<br \/>\nk=$(( $Num % 10 ))<br \/>\n# get next digit<br \/>\nNum=$(( $Num \/ 10 ))<br \/>\n# calculate sum of<br \/>\n# digit<br \/>\ns=$(( $s + $k ))<br \/>\ndone<br \/>\necho &quot;sum of digits of $g is : $s&quot;<\/code><br \/>\n&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa_git\"><\/span>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a Git<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u06af\u06cc\u062a \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u061f<br \/>\nGit \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0646&zwnj;\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0686\u06cc\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. Linus Torvalds \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u06f2\u06f0\u06f0\u06f5 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f. Git \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0646\u06cc\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u06cc\u0645&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u0646\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Git \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u06af\u0627\u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc Commit \u062f\u0631 Git \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. bits \u0648 pieces \u06a9\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f Git \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 DevOps\u060c \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 Version Control \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u060c Git \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u062d\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0641\u0642\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 DevOps \u0627\u06cc\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a git<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git init<br \/>\nUsage: git init [repository name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git config<br \/>\nUsage: git config --global user.name &ldquo;[name]&rdquo;<br \/>\nUsage: git config --global user.email &ldquo;[email address]&rdquo;<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0622\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u06cc\u0645 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0627 commit \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git clone<br \/>\nUsage: git clone [url]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 URL \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git add<br \/>\nUsage: git add [file]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 staging area \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git add *<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 staging area \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git commit<br \/>\nUsage: git commit -m &ldquo;[ Type in the commit message]&rdquo;<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0647 \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0646\u067e \u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git commit -a<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 git add \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u060c commit \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git status<br \/>\nUsage: git status<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 git status \u0648\u0636\u0639\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 staging area \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 staging &nbsp;\u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647&zwnj;\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 Git \u0631\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0646\u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git show<br \/>\nUsage: git show [commit]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc commit \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git rm<br \/>\nUsage: git rm [file]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git remote<br \/>\nUsage: git remote add [variable name] [Remote Server Link]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git push<br \/>\nUsage: git push [variable name] master<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a commit \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git push [variable name] [branch]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 commit \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u0641\u0631\u0633\u062a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git push &ndash;all [variable name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git push [variable name] :[branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0631\u06cc\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git pull<br \/>\nUsage: git pull [Repository Link]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0634\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git branch<br \/>\nUsage: git branch<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0644\u0648\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git branch [branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git branch -d [branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git checkout<br \/>\nUsage: git checkout [branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u062f\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">Usage: git checkout -b [branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0626\u06cc\u0686 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\"><code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git merge<br \/>\nUsage: git merge [branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\n\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n<code class=\"language-markdown hljs\">git rebase<br \/>\nUsage: git rebase [branch name]<\/code><\/p>\n<p>\ngit rebase master &#8211; \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0627\u062e\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0647 master \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u06cc&zwnj;\u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc DevOps \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u0645. \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646\u062c\u0627 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634 \u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u06af \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627 \u06a9\u0645\u06a9 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0633\u0641\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 DevOps \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0633 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u067e\u062a \u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc&zwnj;\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 DevOps \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a&zwnj;\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627&hellip;","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[27],"class_list":{"0":"post-2240","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-linux","8":"tag-vps","9":"cs-entry"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2240"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5470,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240\/revisions\/5470"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2240"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2240"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/parsdev.com/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2240"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}